The Treaty of Ghent.
A letter from Grandpa Gary
To Grandson,
Vogun Wylder Boyd.
Introducing …
The messenger man fifth great grandfather,
Indian Agent George Boyd’s,
Peerings into Menominee &
World History,
By
Gary R Boyd, Pemapomay.
(Parental discretion is advised.)
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The Treaty of Ghent was signed on Christmas Eve of December 24th of 1814 at the Charterhouse in the Flemish City of Ghent in the Kingdom of the Netherlands. Sixteen years later in 1830, Ghent would become a town in the country of Belgium in the Netherlands, which is west of Germany and northeast of France. It was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 and it restored Peaceful and Friendly relations between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. It is what led the way to what are now the present day landholdings of the United States of America and Canada.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/Signing_of_Treaty_of_Ghent_%281812%29.jpg
Signing the Treaty of Ghent.
A painting by Amédée Forestier.
In the above portrait, the U.S. Ambassador to Russia, John Quincy Adams is shaking hands with the British Admiral of the Fleet, James Gambier. Also in the portrait, the British Undersecretary of State for War and the Colonies, Henry Goulburn, is carrying the red folder.
With the exception of the Brit Goulburn, the Americans from right to left in the portrait are: Jonathan Russell, (born 1771 died 1832), age 43 in 1814, Henry Clay, (1777-1852), age 37, George Boyd, (lived from 1779 to 1846), age 35 at the signing, (Boyd was not one of the treaty signers. He was entrusted with private dispatches to the five peace commissioners at Ghent.) James Bayard, (1767-1815), age 47, Henry Goulburn, carrying the red folder British Undersecretary of State for War and the Colonies, and Albert Gallatin, (1761-1849), age 53, and John Quincy Adams, (lived 1767 to 1848), age 47 in 1814, at the signing of the treaty.
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Dear Vogun,
Your fifth great grandfather, George Boyd, participated in the entourage that attended the signing of the treaty. See if you can pick out, which one George is, in the Flemish painting. Personally, I, one of your 2 grandfathers, Gary Richard Boyd, born April 2nd of 1950, believe that I have the answer to the question: Which man in this portrait of the signing of the Treaty of Ghent is the man named George Boyd? And I also believe that you, Vogun Boyd, will one day be able to definitively tell which one is an actual likeness of him, but I do believe that undoubtedly it is the man in the background whom I have described above.
In the Flemish painting, George Boyd, is the man who is portrayed third from the right and farthest to the background directly in the line of sight over the back of James Bayard, the man on the right with white hair. George is described as being “handsome” by one writer and to me seems to resemble the Canadian actor, William Shatner. Albert Gallatin is behind John Quincy Adams, the man in the center. The Flemish people are known for having had great and realistic painters so you can be quite sure that the image in the painting of George Boyd, one of the men in the portrait, your fifth great grandfather, is an actual likeness of him. Although the painter, Amedee Forestier was born in the mid-eighteen hundreds in 1854 and died in 1930, he was known to accurately depict historical scenes.
George Boyd was entrusted with private dispatches to the peace commissioners at Ghent, which is just a fancy way of saying that he was a “gopher” or a messenger man, for some of the most dynamically influential politicians in America, during the history of this time period of the first quarter of the 1800s (the 19th century). Today Ghent is a town in the northwestern part of the country of Belgium which is adjacent to northeastern France. In the very early part of the 1800s, Britain was giving up its control over a very large area of land which it had seized from American control when Britain was occupying land here in North America that two years after the War of 1812, on Christmas Eve in the year of 1814, it became the present day United States of America. Canada had not become a nation yet until the year of 1867 when it formed a Constitution and the leaders of the new Canadian government signed it that year.
In order to understand family relationships, let me spell it out. You have 4 grandparents, your mom and dad’s parents: two grandfathers and two grandmothers. You have 4 great grandfathers as well as 4 great grandmothers, 8 great great grandfathers, 16 great great great grandfathers, 32 fourth great grandfathers and George Boyd was one of the 64 of your fifth great grandfathers who, of course, were married to 64 of your fifth great grandmothers. Your mom and dad’s brothers are called uncles and their sisters are called aunts. Their marriage partners are called uncles and aunts “through marriage”. Your grandma and grandpa’s brothers are called grand uncles and their sisters are called grand aunts. Your great grandma and great grandpa’s brothers are called great grand uncles and their sisters are called great grand aunts and so on. So your fifth great grandmother’s sister is called a fifth great grand aunt and her husband is called a: “fifth great grand uncle through marriage”.
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http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg/512px
Belgium_relief_location_map.jpg
Belgium, west of Germany and Northeast of France.
So now please allow me to introduce to you about the individual personages that we are about to encounter and some background historical information about them. So let's start with, John Quincy Adams, who was born in 1775, married Louisa Catherine Johnson in 1797 and eleven years after 1814 became the US President in 1825 to 1829 and lived until 1848. Louisa was the sister of Harriet Johnson. Harriet, our ancestor, who was my third great grandmother and was your fifth great grandmother, lived from 1784 until 1850.In 1805, Harriet married George Boyd, your fifth great grandfather, who is in the entourage of the Flemish painting. Harriet's sister, Louisa C Adams (born Johnson) was your “fifth great grand aunt” and her husband, George's brother-in-law, US President John Quincy Adams, was therefore your: “fifth great grand uncle through marriage”, your aunt Cherissa and your Dad’s “fourth great grand uncle through marriage” and my “third great grand uncle through marriage”. George was born in 1779 in the State of Maryland, and was a native to next-door Virginia. His father was named Archibald George Boyd who was an immigrant from Scotland to America. George Boyd lived until 1846.
http://www.firstladies.org/images/biographies/ladams/5LAdams.jpg
As a newlywed of 22 years old, Louisa Catherine Johnson married John Quincy Adams on July 26th of 1797 in London, England. She is the only First Lady, to have been born and married outside the US.
The Peerings of what George Boyd witnessed & world events surrounding his lifetime.
In his involvement with the Mamaceqtawuk, the peerings of what George Boyd personally was witnessing among the Menominee and other Algonquin of the Mamaceqtawuk is surrounded by the Treaty of Ghent itself which was surrounded by world events of that day and age in the late 1700s and in the early to mid-1800s. Now let me introduce to you some background historical information about Colonel George Boyd’s professional life that he had experienced personally and witnessed as a private merchant and a public employee. In June of 1819, he came to Fort Mackinac which is located about ten miles off the northernmost tip of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan Territory to replace William Henry Puthuff as the Indian agent at the fort on Mackinac Island. Puthuff was born in Virginia and had a spotless record as a rifleman in the 2nd Regiment, however, sometime during the time that he was an Indian agent on Mackinac Island from 1815-1824, he became unbalanced, heavy-handed and paranoid. He was likely one of the main proponent of immigrants who had engaged in spreading malicious slander about Menominee ancestors by dehumanizing natives by a vicious rumor to the territorial governor Lewis Cass who had actually purported to Washington in June of 1816 to quote Cass’s exact words, that:
Now let me introduce to you some background historical information about Colonel George Boyd’s professional life that he had experienced personally and witnessed as a private merchant and a public employee. In June of 1819, he came to Fort Mackinac which is located about ten miles off the northernmost tip of the Lower Peninsula of Michigan Territory to replace William Henry Puthuff as the Indian agent at the fort on Mackinac Island. Puthuff was born in Virginia and had a spotless record as a rifleman in the 2nd Regiment, however, sometime during the time that he was an Indian agent on Mackinac Island from 1815-1824, he became unbalanced, heavy-handed and paranoid. He was likely one of the main proponent of immigrants who had engaged in spreading malicious slander about Menominee ancestors by dehumanizing natives by a vicious rumor to the territorial governor Lewis Cass who had actually purported to Washington in June of 1816 to quote Cass’s exact words, that:
“In 1814, Michigan Territory (which included Wisconsin) had an adult male population of about 800, facing 2000 Indian braves impoverished by the war” and that during the American war with Great Britain, that these starving natives
“… for a very large portion of the year, subsisted on roots and at one period of the war they killed their children and ate them” unquote. ~ Governor Lewis Cass report to Congress in 1816 from the book A Shovel of Stars, The Making of the American West by Ted Morgan Copyright 1995.
In reality, it is a documented fact that braves would rather die in place of their children and that native women would shield their children while covering them from incoming bullets, spears and the arrows of invaders. Natives went to war with the US government to protect their children from the harmful dangers of the western expansion of European influence that was propagating such stereotypes about natives. Puthuff was the most probable originator of this outright vicious, gross, and dehumanizing lie about the Metis and full blood natives on Mackinac Island most of whom were allies of the British in the War of 1812 in the US. Since the rumor was so blatantly deceitful, it is completely astonishing why Puthuff worked at the Fort Mackinac Indian agency as the Superintendent again thirty three years later while representing United States interrelations with the natives from 1857 to 1861.
It was Metis relatives and full blood natives who were born on Mackinac Island or descended from them in Minikani (Marinette-Menominee) and Matc Suamico (Green Bay) and that had sided with the British about which this obscene lie about the 2000 braves who returned from the 1812 war in 1814 which had been likely fabricated by frontier characters such as Puthuff, whose vicious rumor was incredulously promulgated by the territorial governor Lewis Cass when he spoke the rumor's hurtfully malignant words in his 1816 report on the floor of the US Congress.
The Metis Menominee ancestors maligned, was the generation of Domitelle de Langlade, the daughter of the “Father of Wisconsin”, Charles Michel de Langlade (1729-1801); and other maligned Menominee ancestors were the sons of Vieux Claude Caron (~ 1696 - 1782) and Waupesesiu, who were the father and mother of Chiefs Tomah, Iometah, Konot (Glode, Claude ) and Chawanon. Waupesesiu was the niece of Charles Michel de Langlade who was the brother of her mother Agathe Villenueve (born de Langlade). Charles and Agathe’s mother Domitilde de Langlade (born Kewanoquat) lived from 1699 to 1782 and was the sister of the prolific King Nissowaquet, the Grand Chief of the Ottawa.
Vieux and Waupesesiu were the father and mother of Thomas Carron (Chief Tomau), who was the father of Josette Caron, (Chief Little Wolf, Mahwahsay) the father of Sasos, who was the mother of Margaret Kitson (born Robinson 1821 to 1904). Margaret was the daughter of a mixed blood chief named Chichipinquay, Alexander Robinson, who was appointed by the US government as a Mamaceqtawuk chief of the Ottawa, Potawatomi, Menominee and Ojibway (at that time this included ancestors of whom Menominee ancestors were considered part of) in the 1825 Treaty of Prairie du Chein with numerous tribes.
As a response to the spreading of such malicious misinformation before Congress that was being given about their fathers and mothers who were born on Mackinac Island and about their generation that had sided with the British, after coming back from the 1812 war in 1814, the members of the Menominee Warrior Society took over three forts. It was a year after the 1816 report and in the year of 1817 that the 65 year old, Tomah, his brother, the 40 year old, Iometah, and other chiefs such as a 22 year old, Oshkosh, the grandson of Chawanon, Souligny, a descendant of Pierre le duc dit Souligny, and Kaush-Kau-No-Naïve, Grizzly Bear, the son of Colonel Samuel Stambaugh, spearheaded their support to the British, inland from the southwestern shore of Lake Erie in the northwestern portion of the former Ohio country (statehood 1803) by enacting a three simultaneous occupations of Forts Mackinac, Stephenson and Meigs which were becoming vacant in their usefulness.
Although there was a great amount of an armed interchange, these takeovers were somewhat easier for the Menominee Warrior Society to appropriate and were a re-enactment of a previous eleven-day siege of Fort Meigs in late April of 1813 and of nearby Fort Stephenson (previously Fort Sandusky) against the Americans in August during 1813 that ended in the siege being dispersed. However, Fort Mackinac had previously been successfully occupied by Iometah and several of these chiefs in the year of 1812. The capture of the forts by these chiefs in 1817 was equivalent to the Menominee Warrior Society as having performed three successful Novitiate takeovers in 1975 all at the same time. This interchange led to the United States agreeing to the 1817 treaty, however, the US government shunned Tomah and the rest of the chiefs who were involved in the captures of the three forts and would not recognize them as Menominee Chiefs in the 1817 treaty.
Natives had to endure this absurd form of stereotyping and these sorts of deceptions were historically told in the name of Manifest Destiny, which was better known as the Monroe Doctrine, and was originated by one of the American founding fathers, James Monroe (1758-1831). This was the concept that it was the white race of Europe that was to take over complete control of North American land and resources; and that was the Native American was not considered human and was merely just above an animal; and that it was evident that it was Europeans that were destined to move in and to dominate the native inhabitants and to take over their land no matter to what extent of the immense amount of human suffering that it inflicted upon them. Hence, this debased type of stereotyping of natives in the form of such “little white lies” were told in the name of Manifest Destiny and in the name of American progress no matter to what extent of exploitation, oppression and oftentimes outright extermination that it inflicted upon its native inhabitants. This was commonplace in the United States in the 1800s and is one major reason why immigrant Europeans historically had referred to natives as mere savages even before the founding of the United States in 1776.
Natives had to endure this absurd form of stereotyping and these sorts of deceptions were historically told in the name of Manifest Destiny, which was better known as the Monroe Doctrine was originated by one of the American founding fathers, James Monroe (1758-1831). This was the concept that it was the white race of Europe that was to take over complete control of North American land and resources; and that was the Native American was not considered human and was merely just above an animal; and that it was evident that it was Europeans that were destined to move in and to dominate the native inhabitants and to take over their land no matter to what extent of the immense amount of human suffering that it inflicted upon them. Hence, this debased type of stereotyping of natives in the form of such “little white lies” were told in the name of Manifest Destiny and in the name of American progress no matter to what extent of exploitation, oppression and oftentimes outright extermination that it inflicted upon its native inhabitants. This was commonplace in the United States in the 1800s and is one major reason why immigrant Europeans historically had referred to natives as mere savages even before the founding of the United States in 1776.
Mackinac Island sits right in between two gigantic lakes, Lake Huron on one side and Lake Michigan on the other. The Indian male was fully capable of fishing for the super-abundant food supply of fish of all sorts and varieties that were contained therein these immense lakes as they had been for innumerable thousands of years. Great Lakes Sturgeon were known to have grown as large as seven feet long and weighed as much as a thousand lbs.
This very area today is still filled with wildlife as you can visually see on the map. In the early 1800s there was super immense forestland on Mackinac Island and right nearby across the channel at St. Ignace and near Mackinaw City in Lower Michigan and on Bois Blanc Island. The logging industry, which would result in the eventual depletion of the wildlife in the region, had not yet gone into full swing until the late 1800s and the early 1900s almost a century later. In the early 1800s, these gigantic forests were much more immense than they are today and they were teaming with wildlife.
https://www.google.com/maps/@45.8317915,-84.7791469,51797m/data=!3m1!1e3
Take a look for yourself at the location of Mackinac Island right off the northernmost tip of Lower Michigan which supported an immense amount of fishing and eventual industry. Click on image.
Most of the Mamaceqtawuk braves who lived upon and surrounding Mackinac Island went to war for the British until the year of 1817, when the Menominee Treaty of Peace and Friendship was signed with the US. The members of the Caron family of chiefs and their relatives were recognized by the British in 1778 and were not being recognized by this 1817 treaty thereafter. The United States recognized many of the Menominee ancestral clan chiefs in the treaty of 1817 who signed their X marks next to their names such as: “Warbano” (Waubeno, the wolf clan chief) and “Innimikee” (Anamikee, chief of the thunder clan).
However, the Caron family descendants and the rest of the chiefs who were recognized by the British in 1778 went on the war path in 1819 and insisted that the chiefs as recognized by the British be included in the recognition of Menominee clan chiefs who signed treaties with the United States. The British had awarded these Caron family chiefs with huge solid silver peace medals and the Americans would award peace medals that were made of hollow silver, much like many of the hollow promises that were being made to Menominees in many of the treaties that were signed with the United States government, while fulfilling such promises grossly only in part.
President John Quincy Adams chose to recognize the principal clan chiefs and at that time in 1827, there were fourteen of them who were chosen internally among the Menominee clan chiefs themselves. However, the territorial commissioner, Governor Lewis Cass of Michigan Territory had taken it upon himself to decide who was to be the chief of the Menominees from a delegation of these fourteen chiefs.
The determination of who was to be the chief of the Menominee was to be decided on a sovereign level, however, when Cass placed the hollow silver peace medal around the neck of Oshkosh, it was decided then and there that Oshkosh would be the recognized chief of the Menominee by the US government. On a certain level, Menominees had lost a level of sovereignty on an international level and this was what initially led the way for Menominees to becoming US citizens in a couple of years over a century on June 2nd of 1824, yet while still retaining a certain level of this sovereignty, that is, the status as being recognized as a nation.
Speaking about Native American sovereignty, during the end of the Cold War, while President Ronald Reagan was in office in 1981 through 1989, Russian diplomats to the United States such as Andre Suvorov had likely prompted students and the faculty at Moscow State University on May 31st of 1988 to ask him why the United States had signed treaties with Native Americans, if they are not sovereign, and Reagan’s reply was:
“Maybe we made a mistake. Maybe we should not have humored them. Maybe we should have said, no, come join us; be citizens along with the rest of us.”
This comment was unanimously considered an insult to the five hundred Native American tribal governments within the US because it left the question in mind that maybe these solemn treaties that were made with native tribes were simply part of an ongoing effort by the US government to humor them while also fulfilling them in part by providing the many services to Native American tribes by the US government like medical services and education.
Getting back to the topic of William Henry Puthuff who, while he was the Indian agent at Fort Mackinac, European immigrant fur traders did not fare very well either by his policies by his referring to them as “foreigners” and by his refusal to grant them licenses. These immigrant fur traders were completely unaware of a new law that was passed by Congress in 1816 that only allowed American citizens to obtain licenses to trade for furs within the United States.
Puthuff saw this as a splendid opportunity for himself, so he took advantage of every chance to seize furs from immigrants and then place a $50 ransom ($50 in 1816 equivalent to $808 in 2013) for their return. Being the days of the old frontier, this meant holding these immigrants at gunpoint, confiscating the furs they collected from native trappers who worked for the American Fur Company, and then by Puthuff demanding the ransom from these traders to release the furs back to them.
Boyd initially worked at the Indian agency at Fort Mackinac for five years learning agency business during which time, Puthuff refused to grant licenses to incoming immigrants. Traders Robert Stuart and Ramsey Crooks, who themselves were immigrants from Scotland, continually lobbied for Puthuff’s removal. By 1824, to the relief of many an immigrant and native alike, George Boyd became the Superintendent of the Indian agency at Fort Mackinac (also referred to as Michilimackinac) and he finally replaced Puthuff and thereafter Boyd had more openly granted immigrant traders licenses.
The Indian agency at Fort Mackinac, founded in 1780, was set up to serve American needs for the native fur trade and the Indian agency at the fort was a way for the United States to implement treaty agreements that were made with natives in the region. During the early 1800s, the United States Office of Indian Trade (Click #75.3) had established a fur trading company and tanning factory for furs largely acquired from natives in the region who were evidently supplied with metal traps from the company store.
Because of an overwhelming demand for furs in Europe to make fur coats, top hats, wallets, purses, and boots and so on, back in those days in the 1700s and early 1800s, furs were veritably worth their weight in gold and were highly valued items to be traded or bargained with. Robert Stuart (born 1785 died 1848), an immigrant from Scotland, worked as the head representative of the American Fur Company, which was founded in 1808 by John Jacob Astor who was a German immigrant.
Stuart strove to have government Indian agents in the region, enforce regulations that primarily benefitted only the company and by not responding so much to the needs of natives who had signed solemn treaties and agreements with the United States while working for the company, collecting furs by trapping various animals, in regional forests within Michigan Territory.
George Boyd objected to Stuart’s endeavor to benefit only the American Fur Company which was neglecting these treaty agreements. Boyd was a Colonel in the US Army in a regiment of the US Cavalry and it was his duty as a member of the army to enforce the treaty in accordance with the letter of the law. Boyd became an Indian agent at Fort Mackinac in 1819 and he later became the Superintendent of the Indian agency in 1824.
http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-t_52y39Ebho/TvuV5tzkefI/AAAAAAAAFIc/xGw9MyV4lk0/s1600/Michigan+1823+Lucas+b.jpg
An early map of Michigan Territory (1805-1837).
http://books.google.com/books?id=aqmMX3-bx8sC&pg=PA200&lpg=PA200&dq=Territorial+Changes+1800-1838+by+Alice+E.+Smith&source=bl&ots=XCc93nxO5N&sig=yqS--FfpbTIqwwcceoSEffCDSnM&hl=en&sa=X&ei=hrh8U_yQGYGsyATFzIGADw&ved=0CCsQ6AEwAA
Territorial Changes 1800 to 1838.
Source: from maps in Alice E. Smith, The History of Wisconsin: From Exploration to Statehood (Madison), (Vol. I, Page 201) State Historical Society of Wisconsin, Copyright 1973.
Allow me now to give you some background information on Menominee natives near Green Bay and in the Michigan territorial region that Boyd had represented at the Indian agency at Fort Howard.
In 1832, he replaced Colonel Samuel C Stambaugh (1765-1860), who incidentally, was nicknamed “The Great Packer,” at the Indian agency at Fort Howard in Green Bay (of course not because of the football team, that came about in Green Bay eighty seven years later in 1919). Colonel Stambaugh was replaced at the Indian agency in Green Bay because he was so enamored by Menominees that he had fathered a son named Kaush-Kau-No-Naïve (1782-1834) by a Menominee woman and had orchestrated the 1832 treaty which was set up in 1831, and in its stipulations, instead of Menominee landholdings, had ceded Potawatomi land to the US.
http://www.ebay.com/itm/Indian-Maiden-Canoe-Bow-and-Arrow-by-Fox-/161211423763
This painting entitled Mineota reminds me of what Waupesesiu Souligny, an ancestor from whom countless Menominees have descended from, would look like while experiencing the native Mamaceqtaw (“human being”) roots of her mixed-blood Ottawa mother, Agathe Amiot Villeneuve (born de Langlade) the sister of Metis, Charles Michel de Langlade who is well-known for being the “Father of Wisconsin” for establishing an early trading post at “le baie verte” (the “green bay”). Charles and Agathe’s mother Domitilde de Langlade (born Kewanoquat) lived from 1699 to 1782 and was the sister of the prolific King Nissowaquet, the Grand Chief of the Ottawa.
In about ~1739, the son of Claude Caron (lived from 1672 to 1708) and Elizabeth Perthuis Sieur de la Janvry (purported by Menominees to have been a mixed-blood Abenaki woman from du territoire de la Nouvelle-France.), Vieux Claude Caron married Waupesesiu (meaning “Little Wild Potato”) Souligny (born around ~1715) who was the sister of Waupesepin (“Wild Potato”) Souligny, an influential Menominee ancestor during Pontiac’s Uprising in 1763. Abenaki land is located in what is now New England and in Canada east of Montreal in the province of Quebec. Waupesesiu and Waupesepin were both the daughters of Pierre Leduc dit Souligny, who lived from 1699 to 1764 and of Agathe Villeneuve, who lived from 1724 to 1801.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Wohngebiet_Westlicheabenaki.png
The presumably mixed-blood Abenaki Frenchman, Vieux Claude Caron, and his wife Waupesesiu had three sons who had all become chiefs of the Menominee: Chief Augustin Iometah Carron, (born about 1772 died in 1865), was chief of the bear clan, Chawanon Carron, (born about 1732 died in 1821) was the buffalo progenitor and Thomas Carron (lived from about 1752 to 1817), who oddly but true, as many elders, such as the late Bruce Wilber Sr. had repeatedly stated, and the anthropologist Walter James Hoffman had documented in the book, “The Menomini Indians,” on page 56, that Thomas had become the progenitor of the prairie chicken clan. He was otherwise known to Menominees as “Chief Tomau”. Thomas Carron was the father of Josette Carron, who was the father of Wabenowabon in the family tree of Chief Keshena.
Wabenowabon was also known as Wabenomitamo Oshkosh, (born Carron), and married Chief Neopit Oshkosh. Wabenowabon’s sister Okemawabon, whose baptismal name was Cynthia Josephine Carron, was referred to as "Sas Sus Soshey Saeh". This was a Menominee way of saying her Christian name as "Little Josephine," which was shortened to “Sasos”. In the book “The Menomini Indians,” on page 53 of the genealogy chart, Walter James Hoffman erroneously refers to Vieux Claude Caron as “Tomau,” however, it was Vieux’s son, Thomas, who was the one that was known as Tomau or Tomah, (search Tomah then Go to Page 42). Long after his death in 1782, Vieux became referred to by Menominees as “Chief Tomau,” and his grandson Josette was also known by the name “Chief Tomau,” as well as by his given name at birth as Mahwahsay, Chief Little Wolf.
Iometah Carron was a brother of Thomas and Konot (Glode), and of Chawanon Carron who became regarded by the French in around the late 1850s as the Menominee TsheKatchekemau (head chief).
Click on red and blue flags above each individual entry box on Boyd website: Menominee family tree.
http://www.wisconsinhistory.org/museum/exhibits/framed/iometah.asp
Portrait of an aged Chief Augustin Iometah Carron who was likely in his nineties.
A second cousin of Sasos was named Susan Carron, who was the granddaughter of the bear clan chief Iometah Carron, who was also known as the Menominee war chief. She married Kaush-Kau-No-Naïve (Grizzly Bear), Colonel Stambaugh’s son, and they were the mother and father of Ma-ko-me-ta, Bear’s Oil, sometimes written as, Mah-kée-mee-teuv, who was nicknamed "Grizzly Bear" after his father. His brothers, Ahkinipowa, (Earth Stander), and Wapemen, (Corn), had also become recognized as chiefs among the Menominee. Ahkinipowa, being the grandson of Iometah, Susan Carron's eldest son, in 1827, was recognized as the chief of the bear clan, the largest and most powerful Menominee clan.
About one hundred and twenty years after Jean Nicolet de Belbourne (1598-1642) first arrived at the shores of the Red Banks near Green Bay in 1634, the older brother of Thomas Carron, whose name was Chawanon (Shawano, the south + n ending = southerner) became referred to as the TsheKatchekemau, (also spelled Chakachokama, the head chief, in the Menominee language. The reference here is from a newspaper article by William R. Hunt: “Le Roy, De Carrie and Carron Families” in the Appleton Post Crescent on May 26, 1998; "Family History Project" Page 6.
Previous to this era, native Menominee ancestors were not yet referred to by the modern American term "Menominee" which came into vogue around 1800 and in 1817 after the Menominee Treaty of Peace and Friendship was signed with the United States. Algonquin natives that harvested wild rice referred to themselves as "Omaeqnominiwuk", as “Wild Rice People”. These are Algonquin ancestors from whom very large portions of Cree, Ojibway, Menominee, Kickapoo, Potawatomi, Sauk, Meskwaki and the Fox people have descended. In the 1850s, Chawanon, was recognized by the French as the Grand Chief of the "Le Folles Avoines," (Foolish Oats), people, what the French pioneers had called the regional Algonquin people in the 1600s, and the British had called Menominee ancestors since 1778. The wild rice plant that grew on the rivers and in lakes in the early 1600s was described to these early French explorers and voyageurs by one of their scouts, as being like “oats”, however, it took some time for them to get used to it, so they described it as “foolish oats”.
Ahkinipowa, was the grandson of Chawanon’s brother, Iometah, and was recognized by the Menominee as the principal chief of the bear clan according to his 2nd great granddaughter the late Merceline Sanapaw (born Kinnipoway). Oshkosh (born about 1795 and died in 1858), who was Chawanon's grandson, was recognized as the chief of the buffalo clan, however, the matter of who would be the head chief would not resolve itself among the fourteen Menominee chiefs who were about to sign the treaty because, so to speak, there were "too many chiefs and not enough Indians". The most likely candidates were: Mahwahsay, (Little Wolf), father of the prairie chicken clan, Oshkosh, (Oskos, Claw), father of the buffalo clan, Pemabeme, (One Seen Going By), father of the wolf clan and Wainisaut, the father of the eagle clan.
Pemabeme was the father of John Waubeno (lived 1840 to about 1925) who was the father of Kenyahkiew, Mary Waubeno, “Kinuhkiw” (born about 1880 lived to about 1976). Mary was the mother of Nepenanakwat, Chief Summer Cloud, Johnson Awonohopay (born 1913 until about 1986). Pemabeme was described by the late John “Manny” Boyd, (born in 1910 lived until 1988) Napoose, as having lived around 100 years. He was the wolf clan chief who signed the 1827 treaty and was Chief Summer Cloud’s great grandfather. The wolf clan totem was known as the “low man on the totem pole” and this symbolized that the wolf clan was the oldest ancestral clan and was the position of what anthropologists call the culture hero on the totem pole. Pemabeme was the father of John Waubeno (lived 1840 to about 1925) who was the father of Kenyahkiew, Mary Waubeno, “Kinuhkiw” (born about 1880 lived to about 1976). Mary was the mother of Nepenanakwat, Chief Summer Cloud, Johnson Awonohopay (born 1913 until ab
Pemabeme was described by the late John “Manny” Boyd, (born in 1910 lived until 1988) Napoose, as having lived around 100 years. He was the wolf clan chief who signed the 1827 treaty and was Chief Summer Cloud’s great grandfather. The wolf clan totem was known as the “low man on the totem pole” and this symbolized that the wolf clan was the oldest ancestral clan and was the position of what anthropologists call the culture hero on the totem pole. Pemabeme was the father of John Waubeno (lived 1840 to about 1925) who was the father of Kenyahkiew, Mary Waubeno, “Kinuhkiw” (born about 1880 lived to about 1976). Mary was the mother of Nepenanakwat, Chief Summer Cloud, Johnson Awonohopay (born 1913 until about 1986). Pemabeme was described by the late John “Manny” Boyd, (born in 1910 lived until 1988) Napoose, as having lived around 100 years. He was the wolf clan chief who signed the 1827 treaty and was Chief Summer Cloud’s great grandfather. The wolf clan totem was known as the “low man on the totem pole” and this symbolized that the wolf clan was the oldest ancestral clan and was the position of what anthropologists call the culture hero on the totem pole.
Pemabeme was the wolf clan chief who signed the 1827 treaty and was Chief Summer Cloud’s great grandfather. The generation of Pemabeme (born about 1740 died in 1840), is the 2nd great grandfather of my generation as compared with the generation of Archibald George Boyd, who was born about five years after Pemabeme was born and is my 4th great grandfather who was born in 1745. Pemabeme was the chief of the wolf clan in 1827. The generation of Pemabeme (born about 1740 died in 1840), is the 2nd great grandfather of my generation as compared with the generation of Archibald George Boyd, who was born about five years after Pemabeme was born and is my 4th great grandfather who was born in Scotland in 1745. The Boyd family in Europe was part of the same family of relatives from Ireland and northern France which had originated from the Scandinavian Peninsula over 1300 years ago. The term “Boyd” has a root meaning from the Nordic term The generation of Pemabeme (born about 1740 died in 1840), is the 2nd great grandfather of my generation as compared with the generation of Archibald George Boyd, who was born about five years after Pemabeme was born and is my 4th great grandfather who was born in 1745. Pemabeme was the chief of the wolf clan in 1827. The generation of Pemabeme (born about 1740 died in 1840), is the 2nd great grandfather of my generation as compared with the generation of Archibald George Boyd, who was born about five years after Pemabeme was born and is my 4th great grandfather who was born in Scotland in 1745. The Boyd family in Europe was part of the same family of relatives from Ireland and northern France which had originated from the Scandinavian Peninsula over 1300 years ago. The term “Boyd” has a root meaning which has been mentioned in one historical writing that it came from the Nordic term “Bui” which meant “countryman”.
In the red region above, the first Algonquin people, Anishinabe, ancestrally referred to themselves by various terms of various dialects such as: Wakashunape and Apishinani. However, the expression “Mamaceqtawuk” was the most popular with regional Algonquin near and within Michigan Territory. At Little Lake Butte des Morts just before the 1827 Menominee treaty was signed, the matter of who would be head chief was not resolved among the fourteen Menominee chiefs who were about to sign the 1827 treaty with the United States. On Aug 11th at Little Lake Butte des Morts the commissioner, Governor Lewis Cass of Michigan Territory arbitrarily chose to place the silver chieftain peace medal around the neck of Oshkosh who then had become recognized as the head chief of the Menominee in the Treaty of 1827. Oshkosh was recognized as the chief of the buffalo clan, however, shortly thereafter, contrary to what was considered traditional by the rest of the prestigious Carron family descendants and the rest of the clan chiefs who signed the treaty, Oshkosh then proclaimed himself as the chief of the bear clan and then replaced Ahkinipowa as the bear clan chief.
Having been a pioneer out on the old frontier amongst the natives of the region and having learned the southern Mamaceqtawuk Ojibway Algonquin language and customs, George Boyd objected to Gov. Lewis Cass’s appointment of Oshkosh and he referred to the chief as being, to use his exact word, a “scoundrel” for declaring himself as the bear clan chief. A year and a half later, President John Quincy Adams signed the 1827 treaty into US law on February 23rd of 1829. James Louis Boyd lived from 1874 to 1942 and his wife Mabel Rose Boyd, (born Wilber), lived from 1876 to 1976. James was the grandson of William Boyd and the great grandson of George Boyd. Mabel was the great granddaughter of Sasos, who was the daughter of Josette Carron, who was the son of Thomas Carron, (Tomah), who was the son of Waupesesiu, (born Souligny), and Vieux Claude Caron.To view these facts in the Menominee family tree check out the Boyd website by just Left-Clicking on this link and then Left Click on the blue and red flags above the boxes of each individual family entry. Enter the name of the person of interest to you in the Search area in the: Menominee family tree. On the left in the picture are: Vera Elizabeth Tatro, (born Boyd), and her husband Horace Anthony “Red” Tatro who was a full blood Frenchman of Canadian descent. In the picture on the right is her full sister: Margaret Pederson, (born Boyd), who was married to Walter Pederson. Vera and Margaret were by rights one-half Menominee. Their grandmother, Theresa Grignon was the daughter of Augustin Grignon, Jr. who, according to Napoose and numerous other elders was a chief among the Menominee and Vera's siblings were the great grandchildren of Chief Augustin’s wife, Nomakuhkiew, who was a full blood Menominee. Nomakuhkiew’s Christian name was “Matilda,” and was referred to as Pamosowak and was the daughter of Mahwahsay. Since both Chief Augustin and Nomakuhkiew were full blood, their daughter Theresa Grignon was, therefore a full blood, and since her husband, Alfred Boyd, was one half Menominee; Theresa and Alfred’s son, James was therefore 3/4th Menominee by inherent tribal rights. James Boyd married Mabel Wilber who was 1/4th Menominee, therefore, their children were one half Menominee. Margaret, Vera, Sarah, Esther, Marjorie and Edna were the daughters of James and Mabel. They were the full sisters of Ted Boyd Sr. (1915-1984), Leslie “Beck” Boyd and of Alfred Boyd, the sons of James and Mabel. From the late 1700s and the early to the mid-1800s George Boyd had personally witnessed the undercurrents that were going on amongst the Mamaceqtaw who lived around Mackinac Island in what is now Upper Michigan within an extensive Upper Michigan and Wisconsin radius of Minikani, the Bear Village, which is now the present day Marinette-Menominee. The newly developing identity of the regional Mamaceqtawuk, (-wuk ending = people), who referred to themselves as “Omaeqnominiwuk” of Michigan Territory was slowly becoming the term “Menominee” from 1800 to 1817, and it represented the people who lived within and surrounding the areas of Matc Suamico what is now Green Bay in Wisconsin, and in Minikani, what is now Marinette-Menominee on the border of the upper right hand corner of northeastern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan. Left Click on these two squares for a better picture of the above plaque at Ghent: George Boyd’s son William Crawford Boyd.In regard to the Boyd ancestry, one of the 32 of your fourth great grandfathers was named William Boyd who was a son of George Boyd. In about 1843, George lived to witness the marriage of his son William to a native woman, (Menominee Algonquin), named Margaret Nowakeshekoke, who was one of the 32 of your fourth great grandmothers. William was born around 1824 and in about 1843, with his son having married a Menominee woman, George then likely became even more supportive of the native standpoint of US adherence to treaty agreements and for this reason, in the early 1840s, he was most likely disenfranchised from the agency for this position by his political adversary, Robert Stuart. George's son, William became a disabled veteran in the Union army resulting from being a casualty from the Civil War.William had a son named, Alfred Boyd (born about 1846), who was erroneously named "Alphonse Lawe" at birth and according to Menominee tribal records and what was told to me by an elder named Ned Lawe who passed away in the 1990s that temporarily during at that time he was listed as the son of Judge George Lawe, however, his mother Margaret Nowakeshekoke identified William as his rightful father and so Alphonse then changed his name to Alfred Boyd and then changed his listed age of 15 to 16 to join the Union army in about 1861 becoming a captain of a regiment during the War. Alfred was one of the 16 of your third great grandfathers. Alfred’s son, James Louis Boyd (lived 1874 to 1942), was one of the 8 of your second great grandfathers, and Sylvester Theodore Boyd Sr (lived 1915 to 1984), who was my father, was one of the 4 of your great grandfathers. President of the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis (1808-1889). We Menominees, have descendants, namely, the Davis and the Matchopatow families, who have descended from Jefferson Davis the President of the Confederate States of America. Being from a northern state, it is somewhat confusing to think of how the lead white man who originated from the revolutionary South, could have courted an Indian woman from the North. In 1992, although the Boyd family members are not descendants of Davis, I checked it out with a genealogist named Ann Kasuboski at the Cofrin Library at the Jean Nicolet building at the University of Wisconsin in Green Bay and she verified that around the time surrounding the Civil War, Jefferson Davis had courted a Menominee woman in New Orleans, Louisiana and had begotten descendants by her. This fact is also well-noted in the history books. In the Boyd family it had been said that William was a colonel at Fort Howard. In 1971, your granduncle, who is my brother Lew, and I once visited a Civil War graveyard for soldiers buried in Virginia and we found a grave there, of a “Colonel William C. Boyd" who fought for the Southern army. In 1976, when I was traveling through Virginia, it just so happened that I had the chance to revisit the graveyard when I was passing by and upon finding it again in reverence I took off my hat, and with a bowed head, I knelt right there by his grave. I thought that his grave may have been our ancestor’s grave and so in 1978 I tried to research this myself at the archives of the Central Library in New York City, and I found about 500 listings for "William Boyd" on both the Northern and the Southern sides during the Civil War which lasted from 1861 to 1865. I don't know how many of the listings were for the same "William C. Boyd". Quite a few of the listings were for men named "William Boyd" from the states of Kentucky and Tennessee. The genealogist also established in historical documents that our ancestor, William Boyd, had also been associated with the City of New Orleans, however, it surprised me a little, when she told me that he was listed as a private in the Northern army, and that he became a disabled veteran and received a pension because of the Civil War. Because of what she told me, I strongly presume that the William Boyd of our ancestry, who was my second great grandfather and was your fourth great grandfather, had actually fought for the North, lived in the Town of Waukechon and is buried there at the graveyard in Shawano, Wisconsin. Now to get back to the topic of the Treaty of Ghent itself, it is necessary to introduce to you some:Background of what led up to the treaty. And to get back to what led up to the War of 1812: the turbulent social climate of France was bringing about a whole shock wave of events across the earth that would eventually sweep across the United States by affecting Britain's foreign policy toward America. In the country of France, the economy had not improved since the 19 years after the death of King Louis XVI in 1793 when the army of the French Directoire (Directory) and a massive crowd of oppressed and disenchanted Frenchmen, while experiencing mass hysteria after so much starvation and abject poverty, even beheaded King Louis XVI and his wife Queen Marie Antoinette in 1793 by means of the newly invented French guillotine, at the Place de la Révolution. The beheading of Le Roi Louis XVI (imprisoned since 1792) on January 21st of 1793. The beheading of Queen Marie Antoinette on October 16th of 1793.Le Roi Louis XVI his wife, Marie and a very large number of other wealthy Frenchmen were living lives of obliviously naive opulence, while just outside the walls of their luxuriously sublime inner-sanctum, a very large mass of the French population was dying of starvation from abject poverty. Just like in the book Les Misérables by Victor Hugo, this was happening, while the French people were being subject to the blind justice of a penal system that was prone to ordering drastically severe sentences for even minor offenses such as, after his repeated attempts to escape, the sentence of nineteen years in a penal colony doing hard labor that was given to the Frenchman, Jean Valjean, for just stealing a loaf of bread, to feed his sister's children, who were dying of starvation.Through its major preoccupation with the amassing of great fortunes for themselves, the members of the Directoire then enforced an economic policy called the Continental System which was a coalition of European countries partaking in an embargo that had forbidden trade with Great Britain. Instead however, it started crippling the already fragile French economy even further. Great Britain and other European countries found ways to get around the embargo since the Royal Navy controlled the seas.The Directoire regime that seized power in France promised to distribute the wealth among the people of France, yet the French people continued to suffer from abject poverty and were being subject to a penal system that was venal, corrupt and prone to ordering drastically severe sentences for minor offenses. The Directoire government that ruled the new Republic had successfully toppled the king's government but the French economy still remained essentially bankrupt and the regime thereby became extremely unpopular. Hence on October 5th of 1795, a large crowd of the people of Paris were joined by numerous members of the French National Guard and attempted to overthrow the Republic.The Directoire’s republic then commissioned Napoleon Bonaparte to squash the uprising so he ordered his troops to open fire upon the crowd with cannons and hence had successfully quelled the rebellion. Napoleon was a native to Ajaccio, on the island of Corsica, which is only about 100 miles (160 km) from the peninsula of Italy, so on a certain level his ensuing victory in his Italian campaign, which only lasted six days, was most likely somewhat welcomed by the inhabitants who were the descendants of the ancient Romans and it was actually like welcoming a native Roman conqueror back to the homeland. The Battle of the Pyramids A painting by Louis-François, Baron Lejeune, 1808. Napoleon’s victories were making him popular with the French people and his finesse in battle strategy in various campaigns by his aggressive style of leadership and the extensive plundering done by his troops in various exotic lands such as at the Pyramids of Marmeluke in Egypt in 1798 and at the Great City of Rome in Italy, in legendary Austria and the epic land of Greece and in numerous other lands was making him extremely popular with his troops. The plundering by Napoleon Bonaparte’s army from his successful campaigns in the land of Egypt and other exotic locations paid for the massive expenses that the Directoire was incurring, however, the wealth had not been distributed evenly amongst the French republic. This was what set the stage for his rise to becoming the emperor of France by the year of 1804. An oil painting by François Bouchot. In November of 1799 General Napoleon Bonaparte, (born 1769 died 1821), in the above painting is surrounded by members of the Council of Five Hundred where and when he laid the groundwork for his army-backed 18 Brumaire coup d'état that overthrew the Directoire regime that was ruling the French republic since 1792. So, when Napoleon staged an army-backed coup d’état in November of 1799, he rallied massive support from the French people and thereupon had successfully overthrown the Directoire’s so-called republic, by establishing the Consulat français, (French Consulate), which including himself as First Consul, was a tribunal of three that ruled France from 1799 to 1804. The French government by weight of his political clout as First Consul of the Consulat français, which took over power in 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte acquired the Louisiana Purchase from Spain in the year of 1802, and then claimed it as a French possession. Since the US did not yet consider what is now the mid-western United States to be American landholdings, the US purchased it from France in 1803, and then claimed it as a US possession. It was so-named not because of Louisiana Territory, or after the contemporary French king of the time, Le Roi Louis XVI of France, but was named after his grandfather the Sun King, Le Roi Louis the XIV who ruled France for 72 years from 1643 to 1715. The Louisiana Purchase was an area that stretched all the way from what is now the State of Louisiana to what is now the State of Montana. Coronation of Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress Josephine in Notre-Dame de Paris, December 2, 1804. An oil painting (1806-7) by Jacques-Louis David (1745-1825) and Georges Rouget (1783-1869).Joséphine kneels before Napoléon during his coronation at Notre Dame. While being witnessed by Pope Pius VII at a spectacularly awe-inspiring coronation ceremony at Notre-Dame Cathedral, Napoleon crowned himself as the Emperor of France on December 2nd of 1804, a year after his Louisiana Purchase in 1803. In this humongous painting by Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon is crowning his illustrious consort Joséphine de Beauharnais (1763–1814) as the Empress of the French Empire. However, in 1809, contrary to pontifical orders, (Click on this link for: Europe in 1809), Napoleon was excommunicated by the Pope Pius VII for ordering the lowering of the papal flag over the castle of St. Angelo. Subsequently, an officer loyal to Napoleon kidnapped the Pope and held him prisoner and after the fact, Napoleon then acceded to the Pope’s capture until 1814 at Savona, a seaport high up on the western bay of the Italian peninsula. Thereafter, Napoleon tried to get the Pope to make papal orders by coercing him into signing infallible decrees that supported the French Empire until the Pope was finally freed when he was rescued in 1814 by rival forces that opposed Napoleon’s Empire. A painting by J. A. D. Ingres. Napoleon, in all his pomp and splendor during his reign as the emperor of France from 1804-1814. Map of the First French Empire in 1811: Click on image. Empire français divisé en 130 départements by M. M. Drioux and Leroy. The First French Empire and its satellite states in early 1812. France is in dark green and its satellite states are in light green. The countries in gray resisted Napoleon’s Continental system which was an embargo forbidding trade with Great Britain. These multi-colored locations on the above map were called “Napoleonic départements”. This is a map of the First French Empire before 1812, including the four French départements in what is now Spain, which had yet to set up a system of justice. Click on image. In purple above is: France, and in deep blue are its satellite states: the Confederation of the Rhine, the Duchy of Warsaw, the Kingdoms of Naples, Italy and occupied Spain. At the height of French power in 1812, are allies: Austria, Denmark and Norway. Click on image.The Sixth Coalition: Great Britain, Russia, Sweden, Prussia, Sardinia, and non-occupied Portugal resisted Napoleon’s embargo on Great Britain which attempted to control the European economy by cutting off British trade with the rest of the European community. The Long March to Russia. From 1812 to 1814, the Czar of Russia, Alexander Pavlovich Romanov (1777-1825) who was known as Alexander I was faced with the threat of the French emperor Napoleon's invasion of Russian landholdings. In 1812, the Czar became unsure of how long his Russian army could withstand the continual advance of Napoleon’s Grande Armée of 650,000 men (270,000 Frenchmen and 380,000 allies) of well-armed and well-equipped legionnaires. As a result, the Czar did not want his ally Great Britain to be distracted while it was fighting its foreign war against the United States so he wanted his powerful ally, to help him fight the army of the powerful emperor Napoleon. In this area of the world, the War of 1812 began on June 24th that year when Napoleon's army sojourned from France and crossed the Nieman (Neman) River northeast of Poland in an attempt to defeat the Russian army. The world that Napoleon Bonaparte attempted to conquer in the War of 1812. Click on image.However, to a completely astounded world, the Russian army was gradually defeating Napoleon’s powerful Grande Armée of Frenchmen, and was doing it through the implementation of a strategy of enacting numerous skirmishes and by not engaging in an all-out war against them. Instead the Russian army engaged in these innumerable minor bushwhacking of the advancing Grande Armée as they were endlessly trudging forward constantly toward Moscow. While engaging in a strategy of enacting these innumerable skirmishes, the Czar’s generals then ordered the Cossacks of Southern Russia to burn all the village buildings, towns, crops and all of the supplies, in the dwellings of the region. At an immense cost to the Russian lower class and even to many of the wealthy, the Russian army simply let the lack of supplies and the elements of the bitterly cold winters of Russia, to take its toll on the advancing Grande Armée ultimately destined for Moscow as they kept constantly trudging across the vast expanse of the endless miles that stretched across the frigid tundra. Battle of Berezina in 1812. An oil painting by Peter von Hess (1792–1871). Click on image. The Grande Armée had originally arrived anticipating a complete plundering of all the villagers and city dwellers scattered about the Russian landscape. Perhaps it was partly because of the legendary beautiful women of eastern Europe and Russia that was motivating the legionnaires that from their original starting point in France, throughout a five-month time span, so determined was the Grande Armée to reach Moscow, that they traveled on foot, by horse and by carte all the way from 1,274 miles (2050 km) from Paris, France to the Nieman River where many of the Frenchmen’s footwear, even some of the commandants’ boots, were completely worn off by their constantly trudging across the vast expanse of the remaining 696 miles (1,020 km) from the Nieman River to Moscow traversing the prickly plains, hills, valleys, the rocky terrain, mountains and the burnt out crop fields, villages, towns and the burnt out cities that stretched across the vast plains, onward they steadfastly remained, while scattered about the region, the objective of their plunder, the Russian townsfolk, farm and city dwellers, were continually disappearing like phantoms, fading over the distant horizon of the frozen tundra. In November of 1812, the Grande Armée found that Moscow had been set ablaze and abandoned and while eventually sustaining too many casualties to continue, and finally giving up on the prospect of conquest, they then, while retreating from east to west, had engaged in backtracking 245 miles (394 km) southwestward to Smolensk Oblast, located 690 miles (1,010 km) north of Odessa on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea, where another 36,000 legionnaires and their allies had died in the Smolensk battle in 1812. And while the Grand Armée was making its way toward 300 miles (482 km) farther west from Smolensk to about 250 miles (402 km) east of Poland, at last they then had finally crossed the Berezina River in what is now the country of Belarus about 100 miles (160 km) north of the Ukraine where the straggling remnants of Napoleon's completely demoralized army, survived this never-endingly torturous ordeal. Battle of Smolensk by Peter von Hess.At this stage of the war, there were only a meager 27,000 of the original half-million legionnaires and allies that remained, that were still ready and able to serve the emperor Napoleon. In the expansive townships, villages and cities scattered about the landscape, the Grand Armée had lost about 380,000 legionnaires and an additional 100,000 Frenchmen and allies were eventually captured by the Russian army and the regional town folk, farm and city dwellers. Meanwhile back home in the mother country of France, the French people were responding with outrage at the emperor. Napoleon's retreat from Moscow by Adolph Northen (1828-1876). Click on image. Napoleon’s withdrawal from Russia, according to some historians, was really an expulsion by the Russian army, evidently, where rather than by creating martyrs of the remaining 27,000 French soldiers and their allies; they were likely being escorted to well beyond the western Russian border. Shortly thereafter, Napoleon abdicated his throne and went into hiding. Almost a year and a half later, in April of 1814, he was finally apprehended and then deposed by the French government from his throne as the emperor of France where he ruled since the year of 1804.Subsequently, Napoleon was then exiled to the Elba Island of where Portoferraio is today which is 20 miles (32 kilometers) off the western coast of Italy and is 100 miles (160 km) southwest of Florence.However, somehow that year, Napoleon escaped from being exiled and he returned to France a year later in 1815, and he then addressed his fellow countrymen by saying. : “If you want to kill your Emperor? Here I am….” ~ Napoleon Bonaparte. Napoleon returned from Elba, by Karl Stenben, 19th century. Click on image.So then the French people quite literally threw themselves at his feet. And so once again the people of France embraced Napoleon as their emperor in the year of 1815, and he resumed his role as the French monarch. And once again at the plaza, the crowds and the masses of Frenchmen shouted Vive Napoléon! And Vive la France!Not very long after that, however, and during that same year, Napoleon's Grand Armée was defeated again not by the Russians this time but by an Anglo army under the command of the Duke of Wellington allied with a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blücher only about 40 miles (64 km) northeast of the French border at Waterloo in what later became Belgium. Fifteen years of almost constant warfare killed hundreds of thousands of French soldiers for few economic gains by other than from the plight and plundering of their subjects. This united almost all of Europe against France, during the time period that saw Paris invaded and occupied by the armies of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Portugal on March 29th of 1815. This was what rendered the main British goal of stopping American trade with France as completely ineffectual by creating an overwhelmingly urgent French demand for trade with America and it thereby opened the way for an affluence in trade with the US in the world-wide trade market of goods and commodities. The French prayers and shouts of “Vive Napoléon!” were not answered too soon because it is difficult to fathom why Napoleon, after his defeat to Russia in 1812 and 1814 and to the British and the Prussians in 1815 at Waterloo in what later became Belgium, had actually lived the remainder of another six years while having been exiled by the British to the Island of St Helena southwest of southern Africa until 1821 without being assassinated during these tumultuous times in French history. Were it not at the bequest of Pope Pius VII that he be well-taken care of during his exile at St Helena, he would have been assassinated. It was only 22 years before 1815 in 1793, during the French Revolution, when the army of the Directoire even beheaded King Louis the XVI and his wife Queen Marie Antoinette at the Place de la Révolution. The French Revolution began at the onset of this ten year time-span of 1789 to 1799 and was roughly during the decade that France went from a monarchy, ruled by King Louis the XVI (reigned from 1774 to 1792), then to a republic which was supposedly ruled by the French people, but instead became ruled by the Directoire in 1792, and then, not too surprisingly, was expediently transformed to a dictatorship, ruled by the dynamically charismatic leader Napoleon Bonaparte, in the year of 1804. What led to the treaty.Since the Czar was winning his war against Napoleon by this time, it was not very likely that his diplomats had actually succeeded in convincing the governments of Great Britain and the United States to come to the negotiating table in the town of Ghent in August of 1814. And hence a meeting of the British and American minds was inevitable and it was forthcoming. However, in the country of the United States itself, the British army then increased its invasions of American landholdings. After rejecting the Russian proposal of Czar Alexander I to act as a sort of referee in the peace negotiations, Britain reversed its course in January of 1814 and so the negotiations for the treaty were held in August that year in the town of Ghent in the Kingdom of the Netherlands in what would later in 1830 become the country of Belgium west of Germany and northeast of France. So the Americans sent top leaders, including John Quincy Adams, James Bayard and Albert Gallatin (who are a few of the main men who are portrayed in the Flemish painting) while the British sent minor officials who kept in close touch with their superiors in London. The Prime Minister Robert Banks Jenkinson, who was known as Lord Liverpool, eventually had become aware of the growing opposition among Americans to the British taxation of the settlers so he attempted to steer his country through the social upheaval, unrest and radicalism that was following Napoleon’s Wars. So he responded to the demands of British merchants to reopen trade relations with Americans. He realized that Great Britain would very soon have much to lose from any prolonged warfare and then started relinquishing control of any further prolonged warfare with the United States. The British public opinion demanded major gains in the war against the United States so the American representative in London told then Secretary of State James Monroe: "The more moderate (American public) think that when our Seaboard is laid waste and we are made to agree to a line which shall exclude us from the lake (Erie); to give up a part of our claim on Louisiana and the privilege of fishing on the banks and so on that peace may be made with us.” Even the veritable certainty of defeat could not dissuade British tenacity which was still evident when Britain remained reluctant to relinquish control in the region. Even though, British control in the region was almost completely extinguished after their surrender to the American revolutionaries in 1782 and almost eradicated in the ensuing aftermath of the war from 1812 to 1817, Chief Tomah allied with Britain up until the year he died on July 8th of 1817 on Mackinac Island. And while making one last vain attempt at ultimate victory, the British Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool appointed Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, to go to what is now Canada to command the army with the assignment of "winning the War". Wellesley replied that he would go to America, but he responded by asserting that he was really needed in Europe and so he flatly stated: “You can get no (American) territory: indeed, the state of your (British) military operations ... and now undoubted military superiority ... however creditable, does not entitle you to demand any.” Negotiations made during the treaty. As the peace talks opened, the British demanded the creation of an American Indian territory called the "Indian Territory" and this was what was referred to as the "Northwest Territory" because it was the northwestern portion of the American frontier during that time period in American history. This was a very large area that stretched from Ohio to Wisconsin. It was understood between both the United States and Great Britain that the British would sponsor this "Indian state" of Native Americans. The “Indian Territory” in red was also known as an “Indian Buffer State”.The British also demanded that Americans should not have any naval forces on the Great Lakes and that Britain gets the right to sail the Mississippi River in exchange for the continuation of American fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland. And the US responded by vehemently rejecting the demands and thereafter the US and Britain could not agree over the details of the treaty. The American public opinion was so outraged when James Madison published these demands that even the conservative Federalists, who were somewhat in favor of British concerns, were willing to fight on against any such British demands. However, the British army then increased its invasions of American landholdings in the country of the United States itself. And during this time of the negotiations, the British had engaged in four major invasions of American landholdings. Astoundingly, one British force led by Major General Robert Ross during the War of 1812 in the year of 1814 on August 24th actually succeeded in laying waste the national capitol of the United States in the City of Washington DC by burning and veritably disemboweling the Whitehouse, the Capitol building, the other public buildings in the city and the entire naval yard. The Capture and Burning of Washington by the British in 1814. Henceforth, it was American countrymen such as George Boyd, who had personally delivered an immense amount of construction materials and supplies for the refurbishment of the building structures of the Whitehouse and the Capitol buildings, which led to their complete renovation. It was only the outside brick structures of the Whitehouse and the Capitol buildings that was still standing but was in ruins and that had to be completely dissembled and reconstructed brick by brick. The US Capitol Building after the August 24th 1814, burning of Washington, DC by the British in the War of 1812. Since photography was only to even be in a rudimentary stage twelve years later in 1826, these paintings by George Munger speak volumes about British sentiment during that time of our soon to become America’s fiercest allies by the Eve of the Christmas of 1814 and of the following and so on and so on. The Whitehouse after the burning of Washington DC on August 24th of 1814.However, the tide completely turned in Britain's war against the Americans when the British troops and fleet failed to capture the City of Baltimore, in the appropriately named Battle of Baltimore, when the naval commander was killed, and the British fleet completely retreated by simply sailing away. During that same time, in the northern part of New York State; 16,000 British troops brazenly marched southward into New York State by way of Lake Champlain until 10,000 of these troops were dealt a devastating defeat at the Battle of Plattsburgh in September 13th of 1814 which forced the entire British army back to what is now the country of Canada. And nothing was made known to the public the fate, of a battalion of the fourth large British invasion force that intended to capture New Orleans, which at that time period in American history was called the "Southwestern Territory” and the separate regions in it were referred to as Louisiana and Mississippi. Up into this area of the United States from Jamaica, ten thousand British troops invaded an area down in the Bayou country in the alligator swamps and the creature-filled everglades of Louisiana and Mississippi which have been well-known to have been bereft with the use of a powerful form of voodoo and witchcraft among the Creole natives of the region (primarily French, Native American, Black, Spanish and Italian mix) even for centuries before the time of Marie Catherine Laveau (1801-1881). Perhaps this is what the singer-songwriter, a native of Detroit, Michigan, named Bobby Bare was writing about when he wrote the line in the song entitled: “Marie Leveau”, a song basically about a Creole voodoo siren who lured a series of men into these alligator swamps and would cast a spell upon him granting his wish to make him a millionaire and then after she was jilted by her lover, the voodoo vixen would then transpire his demise and upon perpetrating some ungodly form of spell, witchcraft or transgression upon him would yell out: “Yeeeeeeeah! Another man done gone!” Charlie Daniels, a native of Leland, North Carolina also wrote a song entitled: “The Legend of the Wooley Swamp” about the inexplicable things that would happen during the eerie and most oftentimes horrifying nights down in these swamps such as in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. And whether friend or foe, to anyone who reads this writing, please take their advice, and stay away from these Southern swamps! Ya’ll don’t say no one didn’t warn ya.After the numerous American victories surrounding the City of New Orleans, Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington and his British Government withdrew all of its demands, and the negotiators agreed to a peace treaty then that called for no major changes in American landholdings that were recognized previous to the treaty. Prisoners would be exchanged reciprocally and the captured black American slaves that were in British possession were then scheduled to be returned to the United States. The Agreement made at the treaty. On December 24th of 1814, the members of the British and American negotiating teams affixed their seals to the document. It didn't end the war itself and it required the formal ratification by the two governments, which came about in February of 1815 when word finally reached the mainland United States at the time when John Quincy Adams had released all prisoners and thereby returned to Britain all captured American lands and ships. The British government restored about 10 million acres of the disputed territory to the United States in Maine and near Lakes Superior and Michigan. America had restored areas of Upper Canada in the present-day Ontario and these lands were hence returned to the control of Britain. The treaty had thus made no major changes to the boundaries that existed before the war; however, the United States did gain some territory from Spain as well as from Britain which promised to return the black slaves that they had taken from the Americans. However, a few years later, Britain paid the United States $1,200,000 for them instead. And both countries promised to work towards an ending of the international slave trade that was prevalent during that day and age. The Aftermath of the treaty. The Treaty was ratified by the British Parliament on December 30th of 1814 and on that same day, it was signed into law by the future King George IV who at that young age was called the Prince Regent by the British people. Since there were no telecommunications at that time during the era of the early 1800s, it lacked a way to get the news to North America right away, so it took several weeks for the news of the peace treaty to reach the mainland United States. In the 1900s, the Canadian historical writer Pierre Berton wrote this about the treaty. : "It was as if no war had been fought, or to put it more bluntly, as if the war that was fought was fought for no good reason. For nothing has changed; everything is as it was in the beginning save for the graves of those who, it now appears, have fought for a trifle ... but without the gore, the stench, the disease, the terror, the conniving, and the imbecilities that march with every army." The news of the peace treaty finally reached the mainland United States after the major American victory on January 8th of 1815 by Andrew Jackson, in which he led the American army against British troops and won the Battle of New Orleans. This was what led to the U.S. Senate’s immediate formal ratification of the Treaty of Ghent which was not in effect until February 18th of 1815. This occurred after the successful British assault in the Second Battle of Fort Bowyer in the month of February of 1815 in Alabama. This was shortly before the 1815 British assault on Mobile, Alabama. Numerous skirmishes occurred between U.S. troops and British-allied Native Americans along the Mississippi River frontier for months after the 1814 signing of the treaty, including the Battle of the Sink Hole on May 24th of 1815 when word finally reached the Sauk Indians fighting in Blackhawk’s War, who were British allies that did not either know or care about the treaty, had fought American Missouri rangers who were finally becoming completely aware of the treaty out on the prairies, rivers, the swamps, valleys, mountains and the forests of the wild American frontier. I hope that you will take an interest in history and in Native Americans, Vogun. I hope that I made this writing clear for you. Nekiteponnin (Je t'aime) Vogun, From one of your 2 grandfathers, Grandpa Gary R Boyd, Pemapomay (Watching Over You). Vogun. Jesse, Vogun and Grandpa Gary. A portrait of First Lady, Louisa C Adams, your fifth great grand aunt. Grandpa Gary, Louisa’s third great grand
Pemabeme was the father of John Waubeno (lived 1840 to about 1925) who was the father of Kenyahkiew, Mary Waubeno, “Kinuhkiw” (born about 1880 lived to about 1976). Mary was the mother of Nepenanakwat, Chief Summer Cloud, Johnson Awonohopay (born 1913 until about 1986). Pemabeme was described by the late John “Manny” Boyd, (born in 1910 lived until 1988) Napoose, as having lived around 100 years. He was the wolf clan chief who signed the 1827 treaty and was Chief Summer Cloud’s great grandfather. The wolf clan totem was known as the “low man on the totem pole” and this symbolized that the wolf clan was the oldest ancestral clan and was the position of what anthropologists call the culture hero on the totem pole. Pemabeme was the wolf clan chief who signed the 1827 treaty and was Chief Summer Cloud’s great grandfather. The generation of Pemabeme (born about 1740 died in 1840), is the 2nd great grandfather of my generation as compared with the generation of Archibald George Boyd, who was born about five years after Pemabeme was born and is my 4th great grandfather who was born in 1745. Pemabeme was the chief of the wolf clan in 1827. Pemabeme was the wolf clan chief who signed the 1827 treaty and was Chief Summer Cloud’s great grandfather. The generation of Pemabeme (born about 1740 died in 1840), is the 2nd great grandfather of my generation as compared with the generation of Archibald George Boyd, who was born about five years after Pemabeme was born and is my 4th great grandfather who was born in 1745. Pemabeme was the chief of the wolf clan in 1827. Pemabeme was the father of John Waubeno (lived 1840 to about 1925) who was the father of Kenyahkiew, Mary Waubeno, “Kinuhkiw” (born about 1880 lived to about 1976). Mary was the mother of Nepenanakwat, Chief Summer Cloud, Johnson Awonohopay (born 1913 until about 1986). Pemabeme was described by the late John “Manny” Boyd, (born in 1910 lived until 1988) Napoose, as having lived around 100 years. He was the wolf clan chief who signed the 1827 treaty and was Chief Summer Cloud’s great grandfather. The wolf clan totem was known as the “low man on the totem pole” and this symbolized that the wolf clan was the oldest ancestral clan and was the position of what anthropologists call the culture hero on the totem pole.
Pemabeme was the wolf clan chief who signed the 1827 treaty and was Chief Summer Cloud’s great grandfather. The generation of Pemabeme (born about 1740 died in 1840), is the 2nd great grandfather of my generation as compared with the generation of Archibald George Boyd, who was born about five years after Pemabeme was born and is my 4th great grandfather who was born in 1745. Pemabeme was the chief of the wolf clan in 1827.
The generation of Pemabeme (born about 1740 died in 1840), is the 2nd great grandfather of my generation as compared with the generation of Archibald George Boyd, who was born about five years after Pemabeme was born and is my 4th great grandfather who was born in Scotland in 1745. The Boyd family in Europe was part of the same family of relatives from Ireland and northern France which had originated from the Scandinavian Peninsula over 1300 years ago. The term “Boyd” has a root meaning from an old Nordic term “Bui” which meant “countryman”.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/19/Algonquian_langs.png
In the red region above, the first Algonquin people, Anishinabe, ancestrally referred to themselves by various terms of various dialects such as: Wakashunape and Apishinani. However, the expression “Mamaceqtawuk” was the most popular with regional Algonquin near and within Michigan Territory.
At Little Lake Butte des Morts just before the 1827 Menominee treaty was signed, the matter of who would be head chief was not resolved among the fourteen Menominee chiefs who were about to sign the 1827 treaty with the United States. On Aug 11th at Little Lake Butte des Morts the commissioner, Governor Lewis Cass of Michigan Territory arbitrarily chose to place the silver chieftain peace medal around the neck of Oshkosh who then had become recognized as the head chief of the Menominee in the Treaty of 1827. Oshkosh was recognized as the chief of the buffalo clan, however, shortly thereafter, contrary to what was considered traditional by the rest of the prestigious Carron family descendants and the rest of the clan chiefs who signed the treaty, Oshkosh then proclaimed himself as the chief of the bear clan and then replaced Ahkinipowa as the bear clan chief.
Having been a pioneer out on the old frontier amongst the natives of the region and having learned the southern Mamaceqtawuk Ojibway Algonquin language and customs, George Boyd objected to Gov. Lewis Cass’s appointment of Oshkosh and he referred to the chief as being, to use his exact word, a “scoundrel” for declaring himself as the bear clan chief. A year and a half later, President John Quincy Adams signed the 1827 treaty into US law on February 23rd of 1829.
James Louis Boyd lived from 1874 to 1942 and his wife Mabel Rose Boyd, (born Wilber), lived from 1876 to 1976. James was the grandson of William Boyd and the great grandson of George Boyd. Mabel was the great granddaughter of Sasos, who was the daughter of Josette Carron, who was the son of Thomas Carron, (Tomah), who was the son of Waupesesiu, (born Souligny), and Vieux Claude Caron.
To view these facts in the Menominee family tree check out the Boyd website by just Left-Clicking on this link and then Left Click on the blue and red flags above the boxes of each individual family entry. Enter the name of the person of interest to you in the Search area in the: Menominee family tree.
On the left in the picture are: Vera Elizabeth Tatro, (born Boyd), and her husband Horace Anthony “Red” Tatro who was a full blood Frenchman of Canadian descent. In the picture on the right is her full sister: Margaret Pederson, (born Boyd), who was married to Walter Pederson.
Vera and Margaret were by rights one-half Menominee. Their grandmother, Theresa Grignon was the daughter of Augustin Grignon, Jr. who, according to Napoose and numerous other elders was a chief among the Menominee and Vera's siblings were the great grandchildren of Chief Augustin’s wife, Nomakuhkiew, who was a full blood Menominee. Nomakuhkiew’s Christian name was “Matilda,” and was referred to as Pamosowak and was the daughter of Mahwahsay. Since both Chief Augustin and Nomakuhkiew were full blood, their daughter Theresa Grignon was, therefore a full blood, and since her husband, Alfred Boyd, was one half Menominee; Theresa and Alfred’s son, James was therefore 3/4th Menominee by inherent tribal rights. James Boyd married Mabel Wilber who was 1/4th Menominee, therefore, their children were one half Menominee.
Margaret, Vera, Sarah, Esther, Marjorie and Edna were the daughters of James and Mabel. They were the full sisters of Ted Boyd Sr. (1915-1984), Leslie “Beck” Boyd and of Alfred Boyd, the sons of James and Mabel.
From the late 1700s and the early to the mid-1800s George Boyd had personally witnessed the undercurrents that were going on amongst the Mamaceqtaw who lived around Mackinac Island in what is now Upper Michigan within an extensive Upper Michigan and Wisconsin radius of Minikani, the Bear Village, which is now the present day Marinette-Menominee. The newly developing identity of the regional Mamaceqtawuk, (-wuk ending = people), who referred to themselves as “Omaeqnominiwuk” of Michigan Territory was slowly becoming the term “Menominee” from 1800 to 1817, and it represented the people who lived within and surrounding the areas of Matc Suamico what is now Green Bay in Wisconsin, and in Minikani, what is now Marinette-Menominee on the border of the upper right hand corner of northeastern Wisconsin and Upper Michigan.
Left Click on this link for a picture of the plaque at Ghent:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Verdragvangent_29-01-2009_11-02-06.JPG
George Boyd’s son William Crawford Boyd.
In regard to the Boyd ancestry, one of the 32 of your fourth great grandfathers was named William Boyd who was a son of George Boyd. In about 1843, George lived to witness the marriage of his son William to a native woman, (Menominee Algonquin), named Margaret Nowakeshekoke, who was one of the 32 of your fourth great grandmothers. William was born around 1824 and in about 1843, with his son having married a Menominee woman, George then likely became even more supportive of the native standpoint of US adherence to treaty agreements and for this reason, in the early 1840s, he was most likely disenfranchised from the agency for this position by his political adversary, Robert Stuart. George's son, William became a disabled veteran in the Union army resulting from being a casualty from the Civil War.
William had a son named, Alfred Boyd (born about 1846), who was erroneously named "Alphonse Lawe" at birth and according to Menominee tribal records and what was told to me by an elder named Ned Lawe who passed away in the 1990s that temporarily during at that time he was listed as the son of Judge George Lawe, however, his mother Margaret Nowakeshekoke identified William as his rightful father and so Alphonse then changed his name to Alfred Boyd and then changed his listed age of 15 to 16 to join the Union army in about 1861 becoming a captain of a regiment during the War. Alfred was one of the 16 of your third great grandfathers. Alfred’s son, James Louis Boyd (lived 1874 to 1942), was one of the 8 of your second great grandfathers, and Sylvester Theodore Boyd Sr (lived 1915 to 1984), who was my father, was one of the 4 of your great grandfathers.
http://encyclopediavirginia.org/Davis_Jefferson_1808-1889
President of the Confederate States of America, Jefferson Davis (1808-1889).
We Menominees, have descendants, namely, the Davis and the Matchopatow families, who have descended from Jefferson Davis the President of the Confederate States of America. Being from a northern state, it is somewhat confusing to think of how the lead white man who originated from the revolutionary South, could have courted an Indian woman from the North. In 1992, although the Boyd family members are not descendants of Davis, I checked it out with a genealogist named Ann Kasuboski at the Cofrin Library at the Jean Nicolet building at the University of Wisconsin in Green Bay and she verified that around the time surrounding the Civil War, Jefferson Davis had courted a Menominee woman in New Orleans, Louisiana and had begotten descendants by her. This fact is also well-noted in the history books.
In the Boyd family it had been said that William was a colonel at Fort Howard. In 1971, your granduncle, who is my brother Lew, and I once visited a Civil War graveyard for soldiers buried in Virginia and we found a grave there, of a “Colonel William C. Boyd" who fought for the Southern army. In 1976, when I was traveling through Virginia, it just so happened that I had the chance to revisit the graveyard when I was passing by and upon finding it again in reverence I took off my hat, and with a bowed head, I knelt right there by his grave. I thought that his grave may have been our ancestor’s grave and so in 1978 I tried to research this myself at the archives of the Central Library in New York City, and I found about 500 listings for "William Boyd" on both the Northern and the Southern sides during the Civil War which lasted from 1861 to 1865. I don't know how many of the listings were for the same "William C. Boyd". Quite a few of the listings were for men named "William Boyd" from the states of Kentucky and Tennessee.
The genealogist also established in historical documents that our ancestor, William Boyd, had also been associated with the City of New Orleans, however, it surprised me a little, when she told me that he was listed as a private in the Northern army, and that he became a disabled veteran and received a pension because of the Civil War. Because of what she told me, I strongly presume that the William Boyd of our ancestry, who was my second great grandfather and was your fourth great grandfather, had actually fought for the North, lived in the Town of Waukechon and is buried there at the graveyard in Shawano, Wisconsin. Now to get back to the topic of the Treaty of Ghent itself, it is necessary to introduce to you some:
Background of what led up to the treaty.
And to get back to what led up to the War of 1812: the turbulent social climate of France was bringing about a whole shock wave of events across the earth that would eventually sweep across the United States by affecting Britain's foreign policy toward America. In the country of France, the economy had not improved since the 19 years after the death of King Louis XVI in 1793 when the army of the French Directoire (Directory) and a massive crowd of oppressed and disenchanted Frenchmen, while experiencing mass hysteria after so much starvation and abject poverty, even beheaded King Louis XVI and his wife Queen Marie Antoinette in 1793 by means of the newly invented French guillotine, at the Place de la Révolution.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_XVI_of_France
The beheading of Le Roi Louis XVI (imprisoned since 1792) on January 21st of 1793.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/03/MarieAntoinette_by_VigeeLeBrun.jpg
The beheading of Queen Marie Antoinette on October 16th of 1793.
The Directoire government that ruled the new Republic had successfully toppled the king's government but the French economy still remained essentially bankrupt and the regime thereby became extremely unpopular. Hence on October 5th of 1795, a large crowd of the people of Paris were joined by numerous members of the French National Guard and attempted to overthrow the Republic.
The Directoire’s republic then commissioned Napoleon Bonaparte to squash the uprising so he ordered his troops to open fire upon the crowd with cannons and hence had successfully quelled the rebellion. Napoleon was a native to Ajaccio, on the island of Corsica, which is only about 100 miles (160 km) from the peninsula of Italy, so on a certain level his ensuing victory in his Italian campaign, which only lasted six days, was most likely somewhat welcomed by the inhabitants who were the descendants of the ancient Romans and it was actually like welcoming a native Roman conqueror back to the homeland.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Louis-Fran%C3%A7ois_Baron_Lejeune_001.jpg
The Battle of the Pyramids
A painting by Louis-François, Baron Lejeune, 1808.
Napoleon’s victories were making him popular with the French people and his finesse in battle strategy in various campaigns by his aggressive style of leadership and the extensive plundering done by his troops in various exotic lands such as at the Pyramids of Marmeluke in Egypt in 1798 and at the Great City of Rome in Italy, in legendary Austria and the epic land of Greece and in numerous other lands was making him extremely popular with his troops. The plundering by Napoleon Bonaparte’s army from his successful campaigns in the land of Egypt and other exotic locations paid for the massive expenses that the Directoire was incurring, however, the wealth had not been distributed evenly amongst the French republic. This was what set the stage for his rise to becoming the emperor of France by the year of 1804. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Bouchot
In November of 1799 General Napoleon Bonaparte, (born 1769 died 1821), in the above painting is surrounded by members of the Council of Five Hundred where and when he laid the groundwork for his army-backed 18 Brumaire coup d'état that overthrew the Directoire regime that was ruling the French republic since 1792. So, when Napoleon staged an army-backed coup d’état in November of 1799, he rallied massive support from the French people and thereupon had successfully overthrown the Directoire’s so-called republic, by establishing the Consulat français, (French Consulate), which including himself as First Consul, was a tribunal of three that ruled France from 1799 to 1804.
The French government by weight of his political clout as First Consul of the Consulat français, which took over power in 1799, Napoleon Bonaparte acquired the Louisiana Purchase from Spain in the year of 1802, and then claimed it as a French possession. Since the US did not yet consider what is now the mid-western United States to be American landholdings, the US purchased it from France in 1803, and then claimed it as a US possession. It was so-named not because of Louisiana Territory, or after the contemporary French king of the time, Le Roi Louis XVI of France, but was named after his grandfather the Sun King, Le Roi Louis the XIV who ruled France for 72 years from 1643 to 1715. The Louisiana Purchase was an area that stretched all the way from what is now the State of Louisiana to what is now the State of Montana.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Coronation_of_Napoleon
Coronation of Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress Josephine in Notre-Dame de Paris, December 2, 1804.
An oil painting (1806-7) by Jacques-Louis David (1745-1825) and Georges Rouget (1783-1869).
Joséphine kneels before Napoléon during his coronation at Notre Dame. While being witnessed by Pope Pius VII at a spectacularly awe-inspiring coronation ceremony at Notre-Dame Cathedral, Napoleon crowned himself as the Emperor of France on December 2nd of 1804, a year after his Louisiana Purchase in 1803. In this humongous painting by Jacques-Louis David, Napoleon is crowning his illustrious consort Joséphine de Beauharnais (1763–1814) as the Empress of the French Empire.
However, in 1809, ironically and contrary to pontifical orders, (Click on this link for: Europe in 1809), Napoleon was excommunicated by the Pope Pius VII for ordering the lowering of the papal flag over the castle of St. Angelo. Subsequently, an officer loyal to Napoleon kidnapped the Pope and held him prisoner and after the fact, Napoleon then acceded to the Pope’s capture until 1814 at Savona, a seaport high up on the western bay of the Italian peninsula. Thereafter, Napoleon tried to get the Pope to make papal orders by coercing him into signing infallible decrees that supported the French Empire until the Pope was finally freed when he was rescued in 1814 by rival forces that opposed Napoleon’s Empire.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/2/28/Ingres%2C_Napoleon_on_his_Imperial_throne.jpg
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dep-fr.jpg http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dep-fr.jpghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dep-fr.jpg A painting by J. A. D. Ingres.
Napoleon, in all his pomp and splendor during his reign as the emperor of France from 1804-1814.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Dep-fr.jpg
Map of the First French Empire in 1811: Click on image.
Empire français divisé en 130 départements by M. M. Drioux and Leroy.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/First_French_Empire#cite_ref-Taagepera1997_4-1
France is in dark green and its satellite states are in light green. The countries in gray resisted Napoleon’s Continental system which was an embargo forbidding trade with Great Britain.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/France_L-2_(1812)-en.svg/2250px-France_L-2_(1812)-en.svg.png
These multi-colored locations on the above map were called “Napoleonic départements”. This is a map of the First French Empire before 1812, including the four French départements in what is now Spain, which had yet to set up a system of justice. Click on image.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f5/Europe_1812_map_en.png
Napoleon’s Empire at its height in 1812.
In purple above is: France, and in deep blue are its satellite states: the Confederation of the Rhine, the Duchy of Warsaw, the Kingdoms of Naples, Italy and occupied Spain. At the height of French power in 1812, are allies: Austria, Denmark and Norway. Click on image.
The Sixth Coalition: Great Britain, Russia, Sweden, Prussia, Sardinia, and non-occupied Portugal resisted Napoleon’s embargo on Great Britain which attempted to control the European economy by cutting off British trade with the rest of the European community
The Long March to Russia.
From 1812 to 1814, the Czar of Russia, Alexander Pavlovich Romanov (1777-1825) who was known as Alexander I was faced with the threat of the French emperor Napoleon's invasion of Russian landholdings. In 1812, the Czar became unsure of how long his Russian army could withstand the continual advance of Napoleon’s Grande Armée of 650,000 men (270,000 Frenchmen and 380,000 allies) of well-armed and well-equipped legionnaires. As a result, the Czar did not want his ally Great Britain to be distracted while it was fighting its foreign war against the United States so he wanted his powerful ally, to help him fight the army of the powerful emperor Napoleon. In this area of the world, the War of 1812 began on June 24th that year when Napoleon's army sojourned from France and crossed the Nieman (Neman) River northeast of Poland in an attempt to defeat the Russian army.
http://etc.usf.edu/maps/pages/400/415/415.htm
The world that Napoleon Bonaparte attempted to conquer in the War of 1812.
Click on image.
However, to a completely astounded world, the Russian army was gradually defeating Napoleon’s powerful Grande Armée of Frenchmen, and was doing it through the implementation of a strategy of enacting numerous skirmishes and by not engaging in an all-out war against them. Instead the Russian army engaged in these innumerable minor bushwhacking of the advancing Grande Armée as they were endlessly trudging forward constantly toward Moscow. While engaging in a strategy of enacting these innumerable skirmishes, the Czar’s generals then ordered the Cossacks of Southern Russia to burn all the village buildings, towns, crops and all of the supplies, in the dwellings of the region. At an immense cost to the Russian lower class and even to many of the wealthy, the Russian army simply let the lack of supplies and the elements of the bitterly cold winters of Russia, to take its toll on the advancing Grande Armée ultimately destined for Moscow as they kept constantly trudging across the vast expanse of the endless miles that stretched across the frigid tundra.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/07/Hess_Berezina.jpg
Battle of Berezina in 1812.
An oil painting by Peter von Hess (1792–1871). Click on image.
The Grande Armée had originally arrived anticipating a complete plundering of all the villagers and city dwellers scattered about the Russian landscape. Perhaps it was partly because of the legendary beautiful women of eastern Europe and Russia that was motivating the legionnaires that from their original starting point in France, throughout a five-month time span, so determined was the Grande Armée to reach Moscow, that they traveled on foot, by horse and by carte all the way from 1,274 miles (2050 km) from Paris, France to the Nieman River where many of the Frenchmen’s footwear, even some of the commandants’ boots, were completely worn off by their constantly trudging across the vast expanse of the remaining 696 miles (1,020 km) from the Nieman River to Moscow traversing the prickly plains, hills, valleys, the rocky terrain, mountains and the burnt out crop fields, villages, towns and the burnt out cities that stretched across the vast plains, onward they steadfastly remained, while scattered about the region, the objective of their plunder, the Russian townsfolk, farm and city dwellers, were continually disappearing like phantoms, fading over the distant horizon of the frozen tundra.
In November of 1812, the Grande Armée found that Moscow had been set ablaze and abandoned and while eventually sustaining too many casualties to continue, and finally giving up on the prospect of conquest, they then, while retreating from east to west, had engaged in backtracking 245 miles (394 km) southwestward to Smolensk Oblast, located 690 miles (1,010 km) north of Odessa on the northwestern shore of the Black Sea, where another 36,000 legionnaires and their allies had died in the Smolensk battle in 1812. And while the Grand Armée was making its way toward 300 miles (482 km) farther west from Smolensk to about 250 miles (402 km) east of Poland, at last they then had finally crossed the Berezina River in what is now the country of Belarus about 100 miles (160 km) north of the Ukraine where the straggling remnants of Napoleon's completely demoralized army, survived this never-endingly torturous ordeal.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Smolensk_by_hess.jpg
Battle of Smolensk by Peter von Hess.
At this stage of the war, there were only a meager 27,000 of the original half-million legionnaires and allies that remained, that were still ready and able to serve the emperor Napoleon. In the expansive townships, villages and cities scattered about the landscape, the Grand Armée had lost about 380,000 legionnaires and an additional 100,000 Frenchmen and allies were eventually captured by the Russian army and the regional town folk, farm and city dwellers.
Meanwhile back home in the mother country of France, the French people were responding with outrage at the emperor.
http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/cc/Napoleons_retreat_from_moscow.jpg
Napoleon's retreat from Moscow by Adolph Northen (1828-1876). Click on image.
Napoleon’s withdrawal from Russia, according to some historians, was really an expulsion by the Russian army, evidently, where rather than by creating martyrs of the remaining 27,000 French soldiers and their allies; they were likely being escorted to well beyond the western Russian border.
Shortly thereafter, Napoleon abdicated his throne and went into hiding. Almost a year and a half later, in April of 1814, he was finally apprehended and then deposed by the French government from his throne as the emperor of France where he ruled since the year of 1804.
Subsequently, Napoleon was then exiled to the Elba Island of where Portoferraio is today which is 20 miles (32 kilometers) off the western coast of Italy and is 100 miles (160 km) southwest of Florence.
However, somehow that year, Napoleon escaped from being exiled and he returned to France a year later in 1815, and he then addressed his fellow countrymen by saying. :
“If you want to kill your Emperor? Here I am….” ~ Napoleon Bonaparte.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Napoleon_returned.jpg
Napoleon returned from Elba, by Karl Stenben, 19th century. Click on image.
So then the French people quite literally threw themselves at his feet. And so once again the people of France embraced Napoleon as their emperor in the year of 1815, and he resumed his role as the French monarch. And once again at the plaza, the crowds and the masses of Frenchmen shouted Vive Napoléon! And Vive la France!
Not very long after that, however, and during that same year, Napoleon's Grand Armée was defeated again not by the Russians this time but by an Anglo army under the command of the Duke of Wellington allied with a Prussian army under the command of Gebhard von Blücher only about 40 miles (64 km) northeast of the French border at Waterloo in what later became Belgium. Fifteen years of almost constant warfare killed hundreds of thousands of French soldiers for few economic gains by other than from the plight and plundering of their subjects. This united almost all of Europe against France, during the time period that saw Paris invaded and occupied by the armies of Austria, Prussia, Russia, and Portugal on March 29th of 1815. This was what rendered the main British goal of stopping American trade with France as completely ineffectual by creating an overwhelmingly urgent French demand for trade with America and it thereby opened the way for an affluence in trade with the US in the world-wide trade market of goods and commodities.
The French prayers and shouts of “Vive Napoléon!” were not answered too soon because it is difficult to fathom why Napoleon, after his defeat to Russia in 1812 and 1814 and to the British and the Prussians in 1815 at Waterloo in what later became Belgium, had actually lived the remainder of another six years while having been exiled by the British to the Island of St Helena southwest of southern Africa until 1821 without being assassinated during these tumultuous times in French history. Were it not at the bequest of Pope Pius VII that he be well-taken care of during his exile at St Helena, he would have been assassinated. It was only 22 years before 1815 in 1793, during the French Revolution, when the army of the Directoire even beheaded King Louis the XVI and his wife Queen Marie Antoinette at the Place de la Révolution.
The French Revolution began at the onset of this ten year time-span of 1789 to 1799 and was roughly during the decade that France went from a monarchy, ruled by King Louis the XVI (reigned from 1774 to 1792), then to a republic which was supposedly ruled by the French people, but instead became ruled by the Directoire in 1792, and then, not too surprisingly, was expediently transformed to a dictatorship, ruled by the dynamically charismatic leader Napoleon Bonaparte, in the year of 1804.
What led to the treaty.
Since the Czar was winning his war against Napoleon by this time, it was not very likely that his diplomats had actually succeeded in convincing the governments of Great Britain and the United States to come to the negotiating table in the town of Ghent in August of 1814. And hence a meeting of the British and American minds was inevitable and it was forthcoming. However, in the country of the United States itself, the British army then increased its invasions of American landholdings.
After rejecting the Russian proposal of Czar Alexander I to act as a sort of referee in the peace negotiations, Britain reversed its course in January of 1814 and so the negotiations for the treaty were held in August that year in the town of Ghent in the Kingdom of the Netherlands in what would later in 1830 become the country of Belgium west of Germany and northeast of France. So the Americans sent top leaders, including John Quincy Adams, James Bayard and Albert Gallatin (who are a few of the main men who are portrayed in the Flemish painting) while the British sent minor officials who kept in close touch with their superiors in London.
The Prime Minister Robert Banks Jenkinson, who was known as Lord Liverpool, eventually had become aware of the growing opposition among Americans to the British taxation of the settlers so he attempted to steer his country through the social upheaval, unrest and radicalism that was following Napoleon’s Wars. So he responded to the demands of British merchants to reopen trade relations with Americans. He realized that Great Britain would very soon have much to lose from any prolonged warfare and then started relinquishing control of any further prolonged warfare with the United States.
The British public opinion demanded major gains in the war against the United States so the American representative in London told then Secretary of State James Monroe:
"The more moderate (American public) think that when our Seaboard is laid waste and we are made to agree to a line which shall exclude us from the lake (Erie); to give up a part of our claim on Louisiana and the privilege of fishing on the banks and so on that peace may be made with us.”
Even the veritable certainty of defeat could not dissuade British tenacity which was still evident when Britain remained reluctant to relinquish control in the region. Even though, British control in the region was almost completely extinguished after their surrender to the American revolutionaries in 1782 and almost eradicated in the ensuing aftermath of the war from 1812 to 1817, Chief Tomah allied with Britain up until the year he died on July 8th of 1817 on Mackinac Island. And while making one last vain attempt at ultimate victory, the British Prime Minister, Lord Liverpool appointed Arthur Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington, to go to what is now Canada to command the army with the assignment of "winning the War". Wellesley replied that he would go to America, but he responded by asserting that he was really needed in Europe and so he flatly stated:
“You can get no (American) territory: indeed, the state of your (British) military operations ... and now undoubted military superiority ... however creditable, does not entitle you to demand any.”
Negotiations made during the treaty.
As the peace talks opened, the British demanded the creation of an American Indian territory called the "Indian Territory" and this was what was referred to as the "Northwest Territory" because it was the northwestern portion of the American frontier during that time period in American history. This was a very large area that stretched from Ohio to Wisconsin. It was understood between both the United States and Great Britain that the British would sponsor this "Indian state" of Native Americans.
http://books.google.com/books?id=ALfK7Ag4SXIC&pg=PA56&lpg=PA56&dq=British+proposed+Indian+Buffer+State+in+1814&source=bl&ots=HPXMgPG0DD&sig=36M-BzAAt_DIUpWJWFTcZ2li468&hl=en&sa=X&ei=iS1VU7bnKKfS8AGo_ICYAw&ved=0CGEQ6AEwCQ
The “Indian Territory” in red was also known as an “Indian Buffer State”.
The British also demanded that Americans should not have any naval forces on the Great Lakes and that Britain gets the right to sail the Mississippi River in exchange for the continuation of American fishing rights off the coast of Newfoundland. And the US responded by vehemently rejecting the demands and thereafter the US and Britain could not agree over the details of the treaty. The American public opinion was so outraged when James Madison published these demands that even the conservative Federalists, who were somewhat in favor of British concerns, were willing to fight on against any such British demands. However, the British army then increased its invasions of American landholdings in the country of the United States itself. And during this time of the negotiations, the British had engaged in four major invasions of American landholdings.
Astoundingly, one British force led by Major General Robert Ross during the War of 1812 in the year of 1814 on August 24th actually succeeded in laying waste the national capitol of the United States in the City of Washington DC by burning and veritably disemboweling the Whitehouse, the Capitol building, the other public buildings in the city and the entire naval yard.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:BurningofWashington1814.jpg
Henceforth, it was American countrymen such as George Boyd, who had personally delivered an immense amount of construction materials and supplies for the refurbishment of the building structures of the Whitehouse and the Capitol buildings, which led to their complete renovation. It was only the outside brick structures of the Whitehouse and the Capitol buildings that was still standing but was in ruins and that had to be completely dissembled and reconstructed brick by brick.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Washington
The US Capitol Building after the August 24th 1814, burning of Washington, DC by the British in the War of 1812. Since photography was only to even be in a rudimentary stage twelve years later in 1826, these paintings by George Munger speak volumes about British sentiment during that time of our soon to become America’s fiercest allies by the Eve of the Christmas of 1814 and of the following and so on and so on.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burning_of_Washington
The Whitehouse after the burning of Washington DC on August 24th of 1814.
Just Left Click on these links:
http://blogs.voanews.com/tedlandphairsamerica/files/2012/06/09-Constitution-over-greuyere-painting-by-Anton-Otto-Fischer-U.S.-Naval-Historical-Center1.jpg
http://www.eighteentwelve.ca/?q=eng/Topic/120
http://www.eighteentwelve.ca/?q=eng/Category/XML_List_Content&-10-13
And nothing was made known to the public the fate, of a battalion of the fourth large British invasion force that intended to capture New Orleans, which at that time period in American history was called the "Southwestern Territory” and the separate regions in it were referred to as Louisiana and Mississippi. Up into this area of the United States from Jamaica, ten thousand British troops invaded an area down in the Bayou country in the alligator swamps and the creature-filled everglades of Louisiana and Mississippi which have been well-known to have been bereft with the use of a powerful form of voodoo and witchcraft among the Creole natives of the region (primarily French, Native American, Black, Spanish and Italian mix) even for centuries before the time of Marie Catherine Laveau (1801-1881).
Perhaps this is what the singer-songwriter, a native of Detroit, Michigan, named Bobby Bare was writing about when he wrote the line in the song entitled: “Marie Leveau”, a song basically about a Creole voodoo siren who lured a series of men into these alligator swamps and would cast a spell upon him granting his wish to make him a millionaire and then after she was jilted by her lover, the voodoo vixen would then transpire his demise and upon perpetrating some ungodly form of spell, witchcraft or transgression upon him would yell out: “Yeeeeeeeah! Another man done gone!” Charlie Daniels, a native of Leland, North Carolina also wrote a song entitled: “The Legend of the Wooley Swamp” about the inexplicable things that would happen during the eerie and most oftentimes horrifying nights down in these swamps such as in Louisiana, Mississippi and Alabama. And whether friend or foe, to anyone who reads this writing, please take their advice, and stay away from these Southern swamps! Ya’ll don’t say no one didn’t warn ya.
After the numerous American victories surrounding the City of New Orleans, Wellesley, the Duke of Wellington and his British Government withdrew all of its demands, and the negotiators agreed to a peace treaty then that called for no major changes in American landholdings that were recognized previous to the treaty. Prisoners would be exchanged reciprocally and the captured black American slaves that were in British possession were then scheduled to be returned to the United States.
The Agreement made at the treaty.
On December 24th of 1814, the members of the British and American negotiating teams affixed their seals to the document. It didn't end the war itself and it required the formal ratification by the two governments, which came about in February of 1815 when word finally reached the mainland United States at the time when John Quincy Adams had released all prisoners and thereby returned to Britain all captured American lands and ships.
The British government restored about 10 million acres of the disputed territory to the United States in Maine and near Lakes Superior and Michigan. America had restored areas of Upper Canada in the present-day Ontario and these lands were hence returned to the control of Britain. The treaty had thus made no major changes to the boundaries that existed before the war; however, the United States did gain some territory from Spain as well as from Britain which promised to return the black slaves that they had taken from the Americans. However, a few years later, Britain paid the United States $1,200,000 for them instead. And both countries promised to work towards an ending of the international slave trade that was prevalent during that day and age.
The Aftermath of the treaty.
The Treaty was ratified by the British Parliament on December 30th of 1814 and on that same day, it was signed into law by the future King George IV who at that young age was called the Prince Regent by the British people. Since there were no telecommunications at that time during the era of the early 1800s, it lacked a way to get the news to North America right away, so it took several weeks for the news of the peace treaty to reach the mainland United States.
In the 1900s, the Canadian historical writer Pierre Berton wrote this about the treaty. :
"It was as if no war had been fought, or to put it more bluntly, as if the war that was fought was fought for no good reason. For nothing has changed; everything is as it was in the beginning save for the graves of those who, it now appears, have fought for a trifle ... but without the gore, the stench, the disease, the terror, the conniving, and the imbecilities that march with every army."
The news of the peace treaty finally reached the mainland United States after the major American victory on January 8th of 1815 by Andrew Jackson, in which he led the American army against British troops and won the Battle of New Orleans. This was what led to the U.S. Senate’s immediate formal ratification of the Treaty of Ghent which was not in effect until February 18th of 1815. This occurred after the successful British assault in the Second Battle of Fort Bowyer in the month of February of 1815 in Alabama. This was shortly before the 1815 British assault on Mobile, Alabama. Numerous skirmishes occurred between U.S. troops and British-allied Native Americans along the Mississippi River frontier for months after the 1814 signing of the treaty, including the Battle of the Sink Hole on May 24th of 1815 when word finally reached the Sauk Indians fighting in Blackhawk’s War, who were British allies that did not either know or care about the treaty, had fought American Missouri rangers who were finally becoming completely aware of the treaty out on the prairies, rivers, the swamps, valleys, mountains and the forests of the wild American frontier.
I hope that you will take an interest in history and in Native Americans, Vogun.
I hope that I made this writing clear for you.
Nekiteponnin (Je t'aime) Vogun,
From one of your 2 grandfathers,
Grandpa Gary R Boyd, Pemapomay
(Watching Over You).
Vogun.
Jesse, Vogun and Grandpa Gary.
http://www.uscemeteryproj.com/america/firstladies/pic/adamsl4.jpg
A portrait of First Lady, Louisa C Adams, your fifth great grand aunt.
Grandpa Gary, Louisa’s third great grand nephew.